RELATIVE PRONOUN

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:

• The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

• relates to "person", which it modifies
• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In non-defining relative clauses, that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that can be used for things and people**.

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

	example sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessive		notes
defining relative clauses	S	- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.	That is preferable
		- The car which hit me was yellow. - The car that hit me was yellow.	That is preferable
	O	- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. - The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.
		- The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.	That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.
	P	- The student whose phone just rang should stand up. - Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
		- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked. - The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.
non-defining relative clauses	S	- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
		- The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
	O	- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. - Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English.
		- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
	P	- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
		- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. - The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

*Not all grammar sources count "that" as a relative pronoun.
**Some people claim that even in defining relative clauses we cannot use "that" for people but must use "who/whom". There is no good reason for such a claim; there is a long history of "that" for people in defining relative clauses from Chaucer, Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of The Bible to Fowler's and Churchill.
SOURCE :  http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-relative.htm

dialog direct and indirect

shella: Hello din, please tell to Mr. Anton. If i will come late to office.
dina: ok, i will tell to Mr. Anton
shella: Thank you
dina: You're welcome.
          Mr. Anton, shella said that she would come to office.
Mr Anton : Why shella comes late?
Dini : shella said " I took my mom's to the hospital this morning."

TYPE OF CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that.

a) Noun clauses with qustion words:

The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.

Example:

Answer this question using 'I don't know...'

Where does Maria live?

I don't know -------------.

It is incorrect to say, "I don't know where does she live."

Notice that "does she live" is a question form. Noun clauses cannot be in question form; it has to be a statement.

"I don't know where she lives" is the correct answer.

Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be:

A noun or pronoun that follows main verb 'be' in a question comes in front of 'be' in a noun clause. 

Example:
--> Who is that boy? I don't know who that boy is.

--> Whose pen is this? I don't know whose pen this is.

A prepositional phrase does not come in front of 'be' in a noun clause. 

Example:
--> Who is in the office? I don't know who is in the office.

--> Whose pen is on the desk? I don't know whose pen is on the desk.

Notice that usual word order is not used when the question word is the subject of the question as in 'who' and 'what'.  In this case, the word order in the noun clause is the same as the word order in question.

Be sure to complete the exercises in the assignments.

b) Noun clauses, which begin with if or whether:

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, if is usually used to introduce the clause.

Example:
--> Is Maria at home?

I don't know if Maria is at home.

--> Does this bus go to Los Angeles?

I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles.

--> Did Juan go to Mexico?

I wonder if Juan went to Mexico.

Frequently, speakers may add 'or not'. This comes at the end of the noun clause in sentences with 'if' and immediately after 'whether' in sentences with 'whether'.

Example:
--> I don't know if Maria is at home or not.

--> I don't know whether or not Maria is at home.

Notice that we cannot use 'or not' immediately after 'if'.

c) Noun clauses which begin with that:

A noun clause can be introduced by the word 'that'.

--> I think that Ms. Weiss is a good teacher.

In the sentence above, 'Ms. Weiss is a good teacher' is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb 'think'.

That clauses are frequently used as the object of verbs which express mental activity. Here are some common verbs followed by 'that clauses'.

Assume that believe that discover that dream that

Guess that hear that hope that know that

Learn that notice that predict that prove that

Realize that suppose that suspect that think that

There are many more verbs that can be followed by "that" clause.

Here is an exercise for you:

Complete the following with your own words. Use noun clauses.

1- I feel that ----

2- I wonder if -----

3- You are lucky that -----

4- It is a fact that ------

5- I doubt that --------

6- I am worried that ------

7- I don't know when ------

8- I don't know if -------

9- I regret that -------

10- I am amazed that -------

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.

1.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
2.    He said that he would not go.
3.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4.    He said that he was not feeling well.
5.    I cannot rely on what he says.
6.    I don’t know where he has gone.
7.    He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8.    The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9.    The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10.    It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11.    It was fortunate that he was present.
12.    The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.

referensi :

http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/noun-clause-exercise/

http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/nouncl1.html

Using Information Technology in Conducting Electronic Commerce

Using information technology in conducting electronic commerce

      The growing use of technology through electronic networks in everyday life has covered many aspects, not least in trading activities. Since ancient times people have known the cross-border trade, which is done by exploring the continents around the world with a vehicle or simple transportation. The development of technology is helping people and making people's lives easier.
In this era of so-called "information age", the electronic media into one media mainstay for business communication and commerce activities across countries no longer need to be done face to face between sellers and buyers. Wherever we are trading may take place with the help of technology through electronic networks.
      According Rieschel: Internet only completed 10% of the transaction process, while the other 90% is the cost for the preparation of back-end infrastructure, including logistics.
Trading through an electronic network is all business transactions conducted using the network access the Internet through a computer. There are 3 reasons why businesses membuhkan information technology:
• Supporting Business Operations
• Managerial Decision Support
• Supporting Strategic Competitive Advantage
      As we have noted the development of a management information system has been very rapid. Since the origin of the Internet originated when the U.S. government established a network called ARPANET (Advanced Reaserch Projects Agency Network), which aims to allow military personnel and civilian researchers to exchange information relating to military matters. ARPANET (1979) is the first network to demonstrate the ability of transmitting data in packets from a computer to another computer. Together with CSNET (Computer Science Network) and NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) form what is called the internet. In tahun1989, Tim Berners Lee a European particle laboratory computer scientist, found a better way for physicists to communicate. The idea is to use hypertext (documents) in electronic form interconnected in some way. The physicists can click on the word or phrase that display their computer screen and take the hypertext. The idea became a reality in 1992 in the form of world-wide web, and since then has far exceeded initial expectations. Not only handles text material but also capable of storing and retrieving hypermedia (multimedia consisting of text, graphics, audio and vidio). WWW is an information space on the Internet where hypermedia documents can be stored and retrieved with a unique address scheme. so still not reduce the difficulty to find these documents.
      Information technology affects the process of developing a marketing strategy for information technology to provide more information to managers through the use of decision-making systems (Decision Support System or DSS). Information technology has the ability to integrate different parts of the organization and provides a wealth of information to the manager. For example, an executive information system (EIS Executive Information System) affect the flow of information vertically within the company. Top management has greater access to information sources and reduce dependence on middle management. Telecommunications network allows information to flow easily and quickly between different departments and divisions.
      Information technology also affects the organization interfaces with the environment, such as customers and suppliers. Inter-organizational systems are equipped with electronic data interchange (EDI) to create a closer relationship between the organization and suppliers, facilitating a more efficient stock management and enable timely approach in order again

Sample Issues Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Sample Issues Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Sample Issues Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
   Economic issues is a common thing, but the example of micro-and macro-economic issues are not the same in handling. Before we discuss further, we should know first what a sense of understanding of microeconomics and macroeconomics.

   Meaning of microeconomics or micro economy is the smallest parts of the overall economic activity there. An example is a company, the market and private enterprise.

   Whereas the opposite is true, namely macroeconomic kagiatan national economy as a whole. In this case the character is thoroughly regardless of economic activities undertaken by small parts or individual economy.

   Examples of micro-economic issues such as the market price problem, the problem of certain commodities, and all things related to a small portion economy. Similarly, the example of the macroeconomic problems we can know, among others such as unemployment, economic crisis, employment is narrow, crisis currency exchange rates, foreign debt, poverty, etc..

   So had a little discussion about examples of micro and macro economic issues that may add to our knowledge about the economy.

http://dwi-jo.blogspot.com/2012/01/contoh-permasalahan-ekonomi-mikro-dan.htm

HARAPAN DAN CITA-CITA

harapannn dan cita-cita????????

siapa dari kita yang tak mempunyai harapan dan cita-cita????? hanya manusia putus asa dan tak punya semangat yang tak memiliki dua hal tersebut.

teringat saat dulu kita kanak-kanak apa harapan dan cita-cita kita yang terucap saat seseorang bertanya pada kita??? apa sekarang kita sudah meraihnya, atau mungkin kita belom sama sekali menapaki anak tangga untuk meraihnya???

mulailah untuk buat meraih harapan cita-cita mimpi yang mustahil menurut orang lain sekalipun. percayalah, 'if you can dream it, you can do it"

jangan pernah takut untuk selalu mencoba meraih apa yang kau inginkan,,, karena tanpa mencoba kita tak akan pernah tau apa usaha kita cukup untuk meraih apa yang kita inginkan.

jangan pernah takut akan kecewa, karena di balik suatu hal yang gagal kita gapai, ada rencana lain dari tuhan yang kita percaya akan lebih indah dari hal yang kita inginkan.

intinya kita harus berani mencoba dan berusah...........

 

TANGGUNG JAWAB SEBAGAI SEORANG ANAK

tanggung jawab kita sebagai orang anak terhadap orang tua.

sebagai seorang anak yang telah dilahirkan oleh orang tua kita masing-masing, kita bukan tanpa tanggung jawab, orang tua kita merawat kita dari kita tak berdaya sampai kita bisa melakukan suatu hal dengan mandiri. tak terhitung memang apa saja yang telah orang tua kita berikan pada kita, lalu dengan apa kita mampu membalas itu semua?

 tidak sulit sebenarnya, kita sebagai anak hanya harus mempertanggung jawabkan apa yang kita lakukan kepada orng tua kita, dengan cara menjaga nama baik orang tua, dan bisa membanggakan orang tua. dengan apa kita membanggakannya????????

sebagai anak yang masih berada dan mengenyam bangku pendidikan seperti kita, hal yang paling mudah dilakukan guna membanggakan orang tua adalah berprestasi dalam proses belajar kita, dengan hasil kita yang baik pasti orang tua kita bisa bangga dan kita sudah bisa mempertanggung jawabkan kewajiban kita sebagai seorang anak.

 dan pastinya kita harus bisa jaga selalu nama baik orang tua kita, dan selalu menjaga kepercayaan dari orang tua kita dan bisa mempertanggung jawabkan selalu kepercayaan yang orang tua kita telah berikan tersebut.